Summary one page ISO9000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary one page ISO9000 - Essay ExampleIn identifying this system, the ordering and relationship of the processes are critically defined. Second, management responsibility is the thorough implementation and development of the specify management system utilized by the company with the emphasis to the customers satisfaction to a given product. Moreover, it involves the creation of policy and objectives inherent in a company. Third, resource management refers to the determination and establishment of the companys human resources, infrastructure, and work environment. For the human resource in particular, the ISO 9000 identifies the competency of the personnel in line with his or her designated work.Fourth, product realization is mainly characterized by planning and application of the processes, design, and production of the customer-oriented product. The planning phase points to the identification of the processes, verification, monitoring and other related activities specific to the product. And production phase is the companys activity to monitor and control the release, delivery, and distribution of its products. And fifth, the measurement, analysis, and improvement of the ISO 9000 are largely marked by the demonstration, bore control, and continuity of the effectiveness of the quality management system. For the analysis, the important data are identified, collected, and analyzed to determine the talent and effectiveness of quality management system. By and large, ISO 9000 is customer-oriented set of standard aimed to fulfill and satisfy the customers needs and

Analysis of non-verbal arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of non-verbal arguments - Essay ExampleTeenage girls who are provoke in fashion are the target audience of this brand. This is obvious if to this about the readership of the magazine which is presented by young girls and young women who want to be in the movement. The ad portrays a couple of friends who crack each others turn over and laugh. They do not look straight into the camera pretending that they are spotted somewhere in reality. The ad utilizes the method of snob appeal to make people believe that if they wear such jewellery they look as stylish as those two girls at the picture. They are dressed in cocktail pitch blackness dresses and their wrists and fingers are decorated with numerous rings and bracelets. Both of them wear necklaces.Since all teenagers read magazines when they are bored, both promise to have fun is a call to action for them. Advertisers want to link their product (jewellery) with token settings where two beautiful girls have fun together and their accessories automatically acquire the characteristics of the context where they are presented. In short, advertisers tell teenage girls that if they wear Alex and Ani jewelry, they will be happy and beautiful.Two characters at the picture are expressing overly positive emotions. It seems that they are sharing one pleasant moment together. Two friends look desire they share a secret or discuss someone between us, girls. They force spectators to relate jewelry to the precious moments in life of consumers. Non-verbal language established a link between two characters. They hold each others hands and hug each other. This helps to identify their relationships and state that they are close friends. Obviously, any teenage girl has her best friend and wants to look the same cool when they spend time together. Teenagers tend to idealise their friends because the foIn the essay Kids in the Mall Growing up controlled, Kowinski writes that teenagers are involved in

Franchising Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Franchising Marketing - Essay ExampleFranchising has been recognized as a successful short letter model leading to accelerated expansion of the new store with local control of the franchise owners ensure lesser financial risks with rewards associated with local ownership which requires lower level of supervision and economies of scale. The most widely evaluate definition of a franchise refers to a contractual relationship between a franchisee (usually taking exploit of a small business) and a franchisor (usually a larger business) in which the former agrees to produce or market place a product or service in accordance with the blueprint devised by the franchisor(Stanworth et al. 1995)Management Structures Franchising is in the first place defined in terms of the legal business agreement between two partners, the franchisor and the franchisee. The franchisor, who has previously open a market-tested business package of products or services, enters into a continuing contractual r elationship with a depend of franchisees, typically small business owners, who must operate their businesses according to the franchisors specified format (Curran and Stanworth, 1983). The franchisor provides a be method of operation, support, and advice on the setting up of the new franchisees, and also guarantees continuing support to the franchisee. In return, the franchisee pays a lump sum entrant fee and other charges for regular services (that is, royalty on sales, denote fees, marketing levy) (Fulop and Forward, 1997). Franchising has been adopted a growth strategy for many soakeds in business with the advent of globalization. It is a different from other form of business. A franchise is a intercrossed form of business characterized by complex contractual arrangements (Eisenhardt, 1989). Though many franchises operate between hybrid and the hierarchy (centralized or organizational) firm and incorporate both the franchised units as well as the company owned outlets (Brick ley and Dark, 1987)In a hybrid operation, the franchisor monitors and controls the franchisee within the limits specified in the franchise agreement. In contrast, the franchisor operates company-owned outlets through his or her authority over a centralized bureaucracy or as a hierarchical organization. The resource scarceness theory and the elbow room theory explained the theory of franchising around the hybrid and hierarchy forms of franchise organization.Support for the agency theory as a rationale behind franchising was substantial. Research found that the franchisee motivation as an agent was perceived to be the most important strategy of the franchise firms (Oxenfelt and Kelly, 1968-69) while the capital advantage of franchising, which was proposed by the resource scarcity theory, had a low acknowledgement by the franchisors (Lillis, Narayana and Gilman, 1976). The franchisees high motivation was probably derived from the nature of the franchise relationship. Franchising invo lves an alter relationship between franchisor and franchisee which was sometimes described as a partnership or strategic attachment (Stanworth and Kaufmann, 1996). The franchisee is simply managing an outlet featuring the corporate strategy of the franchisor and to a certain extent possesses a degree of liberty in managing the outlet (Dant and Gundlach, 1998). Unlike the company-owned manager, the franchisee enjoys more dependency in running the day-to-day businessFranchisee and Franchisor The

LITERATURE AND MEDICINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LITERATURE AND MEDICINE - Essay ExampleJ. Cronin in bastion remain relevant in terms of the health check servicing that is available to the citizens of the United Kingdom.The excerpt for the halt under evaluation is a discussion between Manson and his wife Christine regarding Mansons intentions to change from his current system of general practice and start a fresh initiative in providing medical service by combining the strengths of his experience as a general practitioner with those of a surgeon (Denny) and a bacteriologist (Hope). Manson goes on to justify this decision of his to his wife in the benefit that such an initiative would deliver in the stratum of pooling the knowledge that each of these specialties in medicine would offer. Such a pooling of knowledge would be of benefit in patient care to provide better outcomes. The existing system of medical care was in the variance of the general practitioner carrying out all these responsibilities, even in specialized areas with a limited fare of knowledge, to the detriment of patient care. Manson suggests that this association of specialties into what he calls Group medicine provides a perfect answer to the in force(p) impossible tasks that a general practitioner had to perform in patient care. Such Group medicine would be the intermediary fresh breath of air between the monolithic state medical service and the individual effort of practitioners in several parts of the country. Manson clarifies that such Group medicine had failed to materialize scarce because of the attitude of those in the medical science power centers not wanting any rocking of the boat so that they would remain in control in the provision of medical services to the people. Manson believes that such an effort in Group medicine by the scientifically oriented unit would revolutionize the manner in which medical services are provided and remove the prejudices and ills that plague the medical system.There are three themes

The Effects of the governmental mandatory furlough policy on employees Essay

The Effects of the governmental mandatory force out policy on employees in bread - Essay ExampleThese policies additionally severalize that employees who ar not subject to any collective bargaining contracts when be employed are similarly subject to abrupt dismissal from employment (Morris, 2005).However, the employees may lay claims against discrimination in their employment on civil rights grounds. Discrimination based on gender, race, age, disability or religions has been prohibited by the federal and present laws in America (Schoeni, 2010). These laws state that the employers may dismiss employees who harm the lawful discharge of their duties, refuse to violate a law in the course of their employment or as an exercise of the rights that have been conferred on them (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). Furlough programs that are mandatory within the state of Michigan have been implemented for the purpose of addressing the calculate shortfalls that have faced the city (Bureau of bai liwick Affairs, 2009). There are employers who are legible for the mandatory furlough programs from the government while others are ineligible (Morris, 2005). There are several disadvantages and advantages that the employees within the state of Michigan have encountered due to the mandatory furlough programs that the government has introduced.An employee may take any benefits that have been accorded to him without being interrupted by the days that have been set for mandatory furlough. In addition, their health and dental insurances are also unaffected by these mandatory days (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). The employees within the state of Michigan are allowed to learn holiday pays under these mandatory programs as though they were performing their regular duties at the workplace (Bureau of National Affairs, 2009). The time that employees serve on mandatory furlough is considered as though they were on regular vocation when their benefits under their life insurance schemes are being

Biology of food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Biology of food - Essay ExampleGenes are mandatory to direct the production of functional molecules also known as proteins. A process known as gene expression does this. Gene expression consists of two steps arrangement, and deracination. Gene teaching is necessary in the production of proteins. Transcription is the first step through with(p) to get the information out of storage. The information stored in the desoxyribonucleic acid of a gene is relocated to an RNA ( pathfinder RNA) molecule located in the cell nub this process is called transcription. The DNA of a gene serves as a template for harmonizing base pairing. RNA polymerase II catalyzes the configuration of a pre- mRNA molecule which is developed to form a mature mRNA. The mRNA transports the information from the DNA located in the nucleus into the cytoplasm. The second major step in gene expression, translation step follows in the cytoplasm. Three start factor proteins (IF1, IF2, and IF3) support to the small subu nit of the ribosome, resulting to a pre-initiation mRNA complex. The mRNA complex and methinine carrying acceptor RNA, bind to the mRNA in close proximity to the AUG start codon forming the initiation complex. The mRNA intermingles with the large ribosomal subunits, which releases the initiation factors. The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small ribosomal subunit to complete the initiation complex. ... Peptide bonds are form via a peptidyl transferase activity. This procedure is repeated until the tRNA molecules have read all codons amino acids joined to the tRNA have been connected in the growing polypeptide chain appropriately. With each mRNA, base sequence, codes for a specific amino acid. Each codon identifies a particular amino acid. Therefore, the mRNA sequence is used as a template to bring together the chain of amino acids that make up a protein. Transfer RNA joins the protein by linking one amino acid within the interval. Protein production comes to a halt when the r ibosome comes across a plosive codon in mRNA. The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA Trna can recognize these codons. In place of the tRNA, release factors bind and facilitate the release of the mRNA from the ribosome and consequent dissociation of the ribosome. This sting of amino acids built by chromosomes eventually acquires its activity during gene regulation, when gene expression is taking place. Signals from the location and or other cells activate transcription facets. The transcription features are proteins, which bind to the dogmatic locations of the gene. The rate of transcription can then be change magnitude or decreased establishing the amount of protein and product made. This is paramount as the string-of-stuff will resemble and act other than as per the specified activities. Environmental mutagens (like oxygen radicals) can result to DNA modifications causing mutations. These radicals react with DNA yielding lesions such as base modifications, cross-links, and strand breaks. A highly reactive hydroxyl radical, counters the DNA. This is done by the addition to double bonds of the DNA bases, as well as the blocking of the hydrogen touch from the methyl assemblage of thymine and C-H

Airline Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Airline Operations - Essay ExampleThe on-line(prenominal) market-centric performance of the two airlines is determined by their internal and external environments. For instance the internal environment consists of the airlines capacity/weakness and opportunity/threat framework, organizational culture, leadership style, management and organizational structures, quality, value chain and HR management, communication, operations, finances, marketing, operations and so on. On the other hand the external environment consists of political, economic, social, technological, regulatory/legal and commonplace environmental factors along with external supply chain management, strategic competitive environment and so on.Their harvesting and marketing strategies ar essentially aligned to the strategic competitive environment while operational strategies are basically influenced by the internal value creation methods. Product placement policy in opposite segments of the market of the two airli nes has shown some constraints too. Marketing strategies of the two companies also have suffered reverses in the recent time despite a higher level of activity in the domestic markets. Sustained efforts to maximize the difference between costs and revenues are motivated by the invariably intensifying level of competition in both the domestic and international sectors. The proposed alliance between the two airlines on the transatlantic route impart have a far reaching impact on markets and competition policy of other airlines. eventually financial management at both the companies has to be examined against the backdrop of a deteriorating performance of market metrics including share price and sales. A turnaround requires not only a strategic policy evoke away from the existing gap-filling practices but also offensive strategic reorientation in selected segments. 2. Analysis2.1. historic overview Historically BMI evolved from the Derby Aviation Limited created in 1949 and change d its name to British Midland Airways in 1964 afterwards the acquisition of the Manchester Airport based schedule and the Mercury Airlines. A significant change took place with it joining the Star Alliance in 2000 followed by rebranding the airline with BMI. Since then its labyrinthine process of evolution was sinister by a variety of twists and turns, some positive and some negative. On the other hand united Airlines began its commercial flights way back in 1926, in the US. Its original name was Varney Airlines founded by Walter Varney in Idaho. In 1927 Boeing Airtransport bought Varney Airlines. With the decline of the Pan American World Airways, United Airlines purchased the former in 1991 along with its rights over the routes to the capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow Airport. It co-founded Star Alliance in 1997 and formed a marketing partnership with Delta Airlines in 1998. Except for its

European exploration and overseas expansion Essay

European exploration and overseas expansion - Essay ExampleFirstly, the Europeans had appetite for wealth and power. At the onset of exploration, many of these countries were weak economically, due to wars. Those in authority felt in that location were vast opportunities for wealth generation in the New World (Streich 1). This prompted the leaders to fund exploration in search of gold, spices, and other trade goods to sustain their ailing economy (Streich 1). This led to scramble for colonies, and they sent the wealth back to their countries. Secondly, there was religious interest. European had desire to spread Christianity to people throughout the world to anticipate the influence of Muslims. They withal wanted to wipe the Muslims out of their territories. Thirdly, there was an improvement in the technology. The Europeans developed journey ships with better navigation equipments (Streich 1). This made them able to move to various parts of the world. There was also developing o f more accurate maps. (Streich 1). The Europeans expansion and exploration had a profound effect to those involved. The effects were immediate and yen term. In the short term, the Portuguese built trading sites in West Africa, and some of them made Africa their pedestal (McCannon 250-256). Secondly, there was a discovery of the new sea routes. In the long term, the Europeans competed to establish colonies. Secondly, there was also the expansion of wealth and power. Thirdly, there was the rise of the Transatlantic Trade that involved Europe, Africa, and America (McCannon 253).

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political science - Essay ExampleA conservative would probably declare with all the Alabama measures against illegal immigrants. A conservative would think that since illegal aliens defied immigration righteousnesss they deserved to be treated like criminals and flushed out of their hiding places using all means. He will as well as examine as justifiable the use of stop and search measures on the basis of a faint rationale as reasonable suspicion, usually employed in anti-terrorism related drives, to ensure the apprehension of law breakers. On the other hand, a liberal, while realizing that illegal immigrants have violated immigration laws, will consider some of these measures as extreme, in homo and unnecessary. A liberal will know how to balance between abuse and punishment, and will non forget that illegal immigration is driven by the desire to find greener pastures and not to terrorize Americans. The punishment must fit the crime, but in any case no human being deserves t o be treated like a rat. ... ?lack of codified law and coercive authority, a penchant for processes that are participatory and spontaneous, and an inherent impetus among community members to associate voluntarily and cooperatively (Amster 291). patronage the systems ideal chthonianpinnings, anarchy is evidently unpopular. Successful rebellions against governments in various times of the worlds history did not result into the establishment of anarchic societies, but of new governments that were instantly installed to counterchange the toppled ones. The utopian nature of anarchy imports impracticability, presupposing a society where individuals stand together on equal footing, a notion that is illusory. There will always be individuals who will assert themselves above others and establish themselves as leaders, a position that can only be sustained if the community is organized and restrictions are imposed. Governments or systems of hierarchy are, therefore, inevitable (Kenneth & Go ldman ). Moreover, anarchy basically aspires for perfection, a condition impossible to achieve and more so to sustain. Nonetheless, anarchic societies do exist in the history of the world and even into the 20th century. This is exemplified by the Eskimo tribes of the brotherhood American Arctic, Pygmies in Zaire, the Yurok of North America, the Ifugao of the Philippines, the Land Dyaks of Sarawak, to name a few (Stringham 371-372). As can be seen, these societies are characterized by their small size, backward civilization and remoteness from the rest of the world, conditions that are impossible under a highly globalized world. Question 3 War on Terror The National Supremacy article under Article VI of the US Constitution and the Reserve Clause of the Tenth Amendment have effected the boundary between federal and state powers.

How Authentic And Religious Are Virtual Rituals Essay

How Authentic And Religious Are Virtual Rituals - Essay ExampleThe accessibility of information online has c beworn more people to virtual religious places, thus pulling them further away from offline, legitimate-life religion. Connelly attests to this observation when he states that the lack of Buddhist teachers and learning centers, among other factors, has facilitated the growth of an online Buddhist ritual Second Life. Helland views a ritual as an individual or communal engagement undertaken for sacred reasons, which allows a person to gravel contact with the supernatural. A ritual tidy sum also be performed as a form of expressing genial cohesion and preserving culture. In terms of social cohesion, Connelly states that through Second Life, feel like they belong to a community in which there are expressive involvements. The problem with online rituals as Helland states is that a person may decide to develop individual religiosity and deviate from what their traditional reli gious authority prescribes. These cyber rituals allow for some(prenominal) form of religious freedom that some strict religions are not comfortable with. According to Helland this raises the suspense of authenticity and authority of the people carrying out the rituals and the rituals themselves. Judging by this form of evaluation, Second Life would bet legitimate because, as Connelly states, most of the facilitators are ordained priest in real-life, who lead meditation rituals at Buddha centers.7. That aside, many questions are asked about the authenticity of the symbols found online and the sacredness of online space. The seriousness or level of religiousness of these symbols and the rituals they are used in is what bothers many religious observers. Although many people who are involved in online rituals film that these rituals are as sensible as real-life physical rituals, this issue remains to be a subject of debate. According to Connelly the symbols used in Second Life inc lude donation boxes, statue of Buddha, incense, and meditation cushions8. These symbols, among others are a representation of the unquestionable artifacts found at the Buddha Center. Virtual pilgrimages according to Helland are one of the most everyday points of disagreement between participants and observers9. The fact that such pilgrimages are called virtual pilgrimages makes observers hold the view that they are unreal. Here, it appears that observers sum the authenticity of pilgrimages using physical presence. In essence, this argument holds that a pilgrimage could only be valid if a person went physically to a place that is recognized as sacred by their religion. On the other hand, believers and practitioners of online religion believe that a spiritual journey does not have to bet physical, it can be metaphorical. For example, in addressing silent meditation in Second Life, Connelly states that while participants are meditating online, they are equal by avatars10. These ava tars sit cross-legged in a room and they form a semicircle veneering the statue of Buddha. Participants in Second Life even prostrate three times before entering the temple, in addition to using such words as Namaste at the final chime, in order to convey the facilitator. Yet, the availability of exceptionally good images and sounds that allows someone to make an electronic pilgrimage inside their head is real to those who believe. Helland states that there are those web developers who take the virtual sacred travels more real by, for example, connect with the actual places. This way, these developers can place sacred words or prayer items that can be read to the online reference during the virtual pilgrimage. In silent meditation, according to Connell

Economiccs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economiccs - Essay ExampleThis means that if resources allow be allocated to take care of the four-year-old children from disadvantaged environments, the benefits will not only be for the children but for the whole society as well. This dope be analyzed through data about the education and the human skills as major factors to watch over productivity. Education as a public good when made available to all children disregard ebb the inequity in the society as it reduces academic and societal difficulties in the future. And through education, skills could be acquired. These skills could support achieve productivity both in the workplace and in the society. Children who were able to go to school will learn and acquire skills that they coffin nail use for jobs in the future. In the long run, unemployment and problems brought by it like crimes can be reduced. This is because returns of such investments cannot be realized directly during the present time. The changing trends in the l abor markets can also contribute to the inefficiencies that are present in the economy. The emergence of new technologies has raised the demand for extremely skilled workers who are qualified to use them (Heckman and Masterov, 7).

Northern Cape Department of Educations Service Standards Research Proposal

Northern pall Department of Educations Service Standards - Research Proposal ExampleFrom this study it is clear thatthe blow strategy when use tries to bring the distressed and underperforming subdivisions back into normal performing setup. The acceptable level of solvency, liquidity, profitability, and cash flow argon the basic objectives of a turnaround strategy. The centering too try to focus on certain turnaround strategy components like managing, funding, stabilising, fixing of the distressed components to revert back the organisation to working profitably and also to bring back stability into the associated activities of the subdivision. The service standard of the organisation holds the key in judging their competency and analysing their success. In this dissertation also, the success of the department is aimed to be judged on their performance after the turnaround strategy.According to the typographythe Northern Cape Education Department (NCED) has moved from an effe ctive and efficient department, to one with many management challenges. In 2006, the Northern Cape boasted the best matric pass rate, with good financial and administrative systems and reports. In response of this reality, the NCED did adopt a two-pronged approach for the service delivery and also for meeting its performance obligations. The department is faced with a massive task of restoring its sound financial and administrative position. The internal clients belief towards the department and its capability of handling any such issues brings back stability in the entire departmental structure.

Can GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Dissertation

Can GPS (Global spot Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Reduce Or Eliminate Golf Course Shaper Costs - language ExampleThis project declares that the GPS tracking system available to the public are easily decrypted, thus bring out the message. Encryption is the key protection that GPS substance abuses. The signals are encrypted victimisation various coding methods before transmission and is encrypted via decryption tools once it reached the receiving node. Interception can happen while the signal is transferred from the sender to the receiver, and none of the two nodes will cede the slightest idea that the readings are faulty. This paper makes a conclusion that GPS automatically uses UTC time update to synchronise its time reading, as discrepancies with time intervals, even to its littlest differentials, would cause faulty readings. GPS satellites are monitored constantly within 789-second duration. Calculations of the mend are computed using at least three satellite po ints. Common- envision is the use of specially arranged, simultaneous view measurements, that maximize satellite elevation angles between pairs of stations (USNO GPS Time Transfer, n.d). almost 50 laboratories participate in synchronizing the time transfer. It is notable that strict compliance to the time measure is rigorously observed. Through the use of the GPS, the time that it takes for an entire golf course to be finished can be decreased significantly. This is collectable to the fact that using GPS needs lesser time to complete the shape of the golf course than using actual golf shapers.

Kingship In Anglo saxon Britain Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kingship In Anglo saxon Britain - Term radical ExampleThe kingdoms stood alone for several centuries during which there occurred Christianization of the citizens. Before the 10th century, these kingdoms were rivals as their respective leaders precious to gain control over other kingdoms.However, it was the threats of possible Viking as well as Danish settlers trespass of the island of Britain that saw the unification of the seven kingdoms into one known as England under the hegemony of Wessex between the ninth and one-tenth centuries. With the unification and the formation of the new kingdom, an English medieval kingship that is still in use to date came into being. This kingship started with Alfred of Wessex and his succession line gave the English state substance2. The kingship acted as the institution, which had the maintenance of social shape as its ultimate responsibility. A medieval king, one needed to adopt delicate approaches that aimed to pay attention closely to the se nsibilities of the locals in order to attain success. As such, different rulers of England employed codes that have differences and similarities at the same time. These codes have gone a long way in defining the modes of leadership, the direction it takes, as well as the codes and laws of the generations of administration that followed them.Alfreds succession was unexpected with him having four senior brothers, which meant that he was fifth in line of succession. However, with the deaths of all the older brothers, Alfred took the throne aged 21 at a time when the kingdom of Wessex was in conflict with the Danes and the Vikings as in all kingdoms in the British island at the time. However, his greatest battle was with the Danes with whom he delved into guerilla tactical manoeuvre and finally defeated them. He also resorted to dialogue when he realized that he could not lead the Danes from the island, with a few intermarriages occurring and even resulting in the conversion of the D anish king into

Interviewing Sales Professionals assignment (15%) Essay

Interviewing Sales Professionals assignment (15%) - Essay sheathThe hotel is rated four-star, with comfortable guest paths and dining facilities a conference centre entertainment centre and a health and wellness centre. Services include all the standard services for luxury four-star hotels, from laundry and room service, to satellite television and broadband. These services are available in deluxe rooms, executive deluxe suites, stock suites and super-large deluxe suites. Maggie sells to groups focusing on business, conferences, wellness tours, and tourism. Impressions of the Interviewee Nonverbal techniques Maggie uses very clear nonverbal techniques to make the soul she is speaking to comfortable. Her greeting is formal, and her voice pitched low and smooth. Confidence in what she is saying is expressed more or less(prenominal) in her voice and in the relaxed, attentive posture she maintains when listening or speaking. After the formality of the greeting, her musing is frien dly and receptive, with eye-contact maintained. Her body directly faces the person she is speaking to, leaning slightly forward, and she maintains a slightly cut level of contact, seeming to look upward at the other party. She keeps her hands and arms relaxed, using some gestures to emphasize what she is saying in very controlled ways. When she listens, she slightly tilts her head, look interested, and does not interrupt. It seemed throughout the interview, and sales displays, that she has solitary(prenominal) one focus the person/people she is interacting with. Appearance and demeanor In appearance, Maggie Chen is very well-groomed. She wears the dark-colored incorporate uniform of the hotel chain. A friendly and approachable personality is evident. She reacts to questions in a thoughtful, confident way, thinking for a moment before answering in detail. The Presentation The sales presentation I attended was to a large chain of travel agencies, specializing in business confere nce organization for USA and Chinese companies. They were looking for hotels across China in which to stage conferences and business meetings for up to 100 delegates at a time, and ranging from 3 day to 10 day events, over the next 18 months. Their business would allow Ms. Chen to get along close to achieving her targets for the year, as she would be able to report advance room bookings at approximately 30% of occupancy half of what she was aiming for. A PowerPoint presentation had been prepared, and Maggie had thoroughly worked through the presentation. We arrived at the venue in the hotel 15 minutes before the representatives of the travel company were set to arrive, and all the technical aspects had been checked. Refreshments were laid out and the contain number of places had been arranged at the table. When the representatives arrived each was greeted in turn, from the most senior to the least senior and I realized that Maggie had researched the people and the company well en ough to know all the details about them. Her PowerPoint presentation really just gave an overview of the hotel and what it has to offer in pictures and with music. It was the commentary by Maggie that identified the possible packages that could be place together to meet the exact needs of the travel agency and their planned conferences and meetings. She had also prepared a glossy handout, listing 4 options for the room bookings, and the

My Self-Assessment as a Writer Essay Example for Free

My Self-Assessment as a Writer EssayUp to this point Ive never really considered myself a writer at all. After skimming through the chapters and reading about all the processes, my assessment is, as a writer, Im probably not very good. So this brings me to, what are you able to bring to the grade? Well thats easy. Ive really wanted to learn how to write correctly. Im exceedingly excited about all the information our textbook has to offer. Ive wondered in the past how to do original things and how theyre supposed to be foole. This whole class is going to bring the pieces unneurotic. So I injection I bring excitement and enthusiasm to learn.My Strengths and Weaknesses in writing are hard to identify. Since I dont write a lot, theres not much to relate to. My sentence anatomical structure and vocabulary are weak areas. Sometimes when I write an e-mail, and then come back to re-read it it sightly doesnt sound or flow right. Im uncertain and feel embarrassed by my use of gram mar and punctuation, so I tend to make every attempt to avoid writing at all. My spoken thoughts are much easier to transform into what Im trying to communicate.Strengths are an active imagination. I have thoughts or can take a side on almost anything. I could only when pick any topic and write about whatever. Discovering material, planning out my ideas, and drafting it all together would also be strengths. Learning from others in the class will require interaction with the class. The discussion jury will offer those opportunities. I hope to learn how others chose a topic or decide how they layout their work. Id like gain some knowledge from their perspectives and ingenuity.

Media issues in india Essay Example for Free

Media issues in india EssayThe Indian media display certain defects. These should ideally be addressed and corrected in a democratic manner. But if the media picture incorrigible, harsh measures may be called for.The time has come when some introspection by the Indian media is required. Many people, not except those in authority but even ordinary people, gull started saying that the media pass become feckless and counselingward, and need to be reined in.Only a couple of days back I read in the newspapers that the Union government has issued some regulations regarding licences for news channels, to which there was a lot of reaction. Under the Constitution of India, granting immunity of the media is part of the freedom of speech guaranteed by Article 19 (1) (a).However, no freedom piece of ass be absolute, and reasonable restrictions can be primed(p) on it. One of the basic tasks of the media is to provide truthful and physical object information to the people that wi lling enable them to form rational opinions, which is a sine qua non in a democracy. But be the Indian media performing this role properly?I may only book of facts certain defects in the functioning of the India media today.Twisting factsOne of the defects is that the media a great deal twist facts. I would like to crumble an example.One day, a leading English newspaper published on its front page a photograph of Justice Gyan Sudha Misra of the Supreme Court with the caption Supreme Court Judge says that her daughters are liabilities. This was a distorted and fallacious item of news, published on the front page.Supreme Court Judges have to disclose their assets and liabilities. Against the liabilities column, Justice Misra had written two daughters to bemarried. Strictly speaking, it was not necessary to mention this because liabilities call back legal liabilities, for example, housing loan, car loan, and so on. Justice Misras intention was obviously to say that she would have to drop on her daughters future marriage.She has three daughters (no son), only one of whom has been married. Justice Misra never said, nor intended to say, that her daughters were liabilities. The news was dour and defamatory, with the obvious intention of creating a sensation.Paid newsA second defect concerns the issue of give news that has become prominent of late. In the 2009 elections, it was a scandal. How this vicious practice could be stopped ask to be discussed. Incidentally, in compliance with an order of the Chief Information Commissioner dated September 19, 2011, we have placed the 71-page report of the Committee consisting of Paranjoy Guha Thakurta and Sreenivas Reddy on our website, www.presscouncil.nic.in with the disclaimer that the Press Council had rejected this report at its meeting held on April 26, 2010.Non-issues as real issuesA third defect is that the media often portray non-issues as real issues, spot the real issues are sidelined. The real issues in In dia are economic, that is, the terrible economic conditions in which 80 per centime of our people are living, the poverty, unemployment, lack of housing and medical care and so on. Instead of addressing these real issues, the media often return to divert the attention of people to non-issues. Such as that the wife of a film thespian has become pregnant, whether she will give birth to a single child or to twins, and so on. atomic number 18 these the real issues facing the nation?At a Lakme India Fashion Week event, there were 512 accredited journalists concealment the event in which models were displaying cotton garments, while the men and women who grew that cotton were killing themselves at a surmount of an hours flight from Nagpur, in the Vidharbha region. Nobody told that story, except one or two journalists, locally.Is this a responsible way for the Indian media to function? Should the media turn a Nelsons eye to the harsh economic realities facing over 75 per cent of our people, and concentrate on some Potemkin villages where all is glamour and show biz? Are not the Indian media behaving much like Queen Marie Antoinette, who said that if the people had no bread, they should eat cake?No doubt, sometimes the media mention farmers suicides, the rise in the price of essential commodities, and so on, but such insurance coverage is at most 5 per cent to 10 per cent of the total. The bulk of the coverage goes to showing the flavour of film stars, pop music, fashion parades, cricket and astrology.Tendency to brandHere is a fourth defect. conk out blasts have taken place near the Delhi High Court, in Mumbai, Bangalore and so on. Within a a couple of(prenominal) hours of such a bomb blast, many TV channels started showing news items that said that the Indian Mujahideen or the Jaish-e-Mohammed or the Harkatul-Jihad-e-Islam had sent e-mails or text messages claiming responsibility.The names of such alleged organisations will always be Muslim ones. Now, an e -mail can be sent by any deadly soul, but by showing this on TV channels and the next day in the newspapers, the propensity is to brand all Muslims as terrorists and bomb-throwers.The truth is that 99 per cent of the people of all communities, whether Hindu, Muslim, Christian or Sikh, and of whatever caste or region, are good. But the manner in which such news is shown on TV screens and published in newspapers tends to create the impression that all Muslims are terrorists, and evil which is totally false.The person who sends such e-mails or text messages obviously wants to create hatred between Hindus and Muslims, which is the old British divide-and-rule polity continuing even today. Should the media, wittingly or unwittingly, become part of this policy of divide-and-rule?No doubt there are defects not only in the media but in other institutions also, for example, the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and so on.There are two ways to remove these defects in the media. One is the democ ratic way, that is, with discussions, consultations and persuasion which is the method I prefer. The other way is by using harsh measures against the media, for example, by imposing heavy fines on defaulters, fillet government advertisements to them, suspending their licences, and so on.In a democracy we should first try the first method to even off the defects through the democratic method. For this purpose, I have decided to have regular get-togethers with the media, including the electronic media, so that we can all introspect and ourselves find out ways and means to rectify the defects in the media, rather than this organism done by some government authority or external agency.I propose to have such get-togethers once every two or three months, at which we will discuss issues relating to the media and try to think of how we can improve the performance of the media so that it may win the respect and confidence of the people.If the media prove incorrigible, harsh measures may be required. But in my opinion, that should be done only as a last resort and in extreme situations. Ordinarily, we should first try to resolve issues through discussion, consultation and self-regulation. That is the get down which should be first tried in a democracy. I, therefore, request the Union government to defer the instruction execution of its recent decision regarding news channel licences, so that we can ourselves discuss the issue thoroughly, and ourselves take corrective measures.Till now the function of the Press Council was only adjudication. I intend to make the Press Council an musical instrument of mediation in addition, which is in my opinion the democratic approach. For this purpose, I need help,cooperation and advice from the media.India is passing through a transitional period in its history, from a feudal agricultural society to a modern industrial society. This is a very painful and agonising period. The media must help society in going through this trans itional period as quickly as possible, and by reducing the pain involved. This they can do by attacking feudal ideas, for example, casteism and communalism, and promoting modern scientific ideas.

Italian and German Unification of 19th cenutry Essay Example for Free

Italian and German uniting of 19th cenutry turn outIn the 19th century both Italy and Germany were split into many separate ruling states. The German and Italian unification began with the rising tides of nationalism and liberalism. From nationalism a desire for unification was born. Italian Unification was more complex than German unification.Italy had not been a single political unit since the fall of the Western roman print Empire in the 5th century. Italian Unification is referred to in Italian as the Risorgimento. The Italian Unification had three separate men that were working on unification of Italy Guiseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Cavour, and Guiseppe Garibaldi. Cavour entered into a secret hamper with France, to kick out Austria from Italy, since he knew that the only way that Italian unification could take place is by kicking out the Austrians. Italian unification started with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and ended with the Franco Prussian struggle in 1871.Germ any, during the 19th century, was also fragmented. There was a nationalistic movement calling for the unification of Germany. It was von capital of North Dakota who strengthened German unity and power by calling on the nationalistic thoughts of the German people. Bismarck was able to unite Germany through his policy of Realpolitik, or realistic politics. Bismarck was a strong counselor-at-law of Blood and Iron. Blood represented the sacrifices the German people would have to make in achieving the goal of unification, weightlift being the need to industrialize because Germany needed to catch up with the rest of Europe on engineering science and factory production. German power achieved through nationalism would foster a period of imperialization and would set the tier for the outbreak of World War I. The Unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Otto von Bismarck managed to unify independent states into hotshot nation, this created the German Empire.Nationalist ic movements in Italy and Germany resulted in unified empires. By 1871, Europe was washed away with the tramp of two newly united nations the Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire.

Native American Feminism Essay Example for Free

inhering Ameri discount womens liberation movement EssayYou can non solve a problem from the same sentience that created it. You moldinessiness learn to see the origi soil anew. Albert EinsteinWhen come uping meagreness as a orbicular curtain raising rather than a feminine concern, most libber lenses lots lack the focus and compulsivity that finding efficient firmnesss require. This paper will discuss the views of versatile free radicals of women American Indian, ordinal- orb, Indigenous, Muslim, inhering womens rightist, African American, and western, by dint of the stance of various lens to a greater extentover to a expectanter extent specific entirely in ally horse opera and indigenous. By looking by dint of two generally opposing lenses and examining the multidimensional aspects of poverty through feminism, we can generate a to a greater extent precise and focused intellectionl of resolving the issue rather than taking it as a planetary initiative and generalizing it. indigence is subjective and cannot be defined in terms of binaries or simple standards. Feminism as a catalyst to reducing poverty is indispensable to its success. Poverty is a very projectile and multi-dimensional phenomenon that cannot be studied in way of vagueness and objectivity.Mens poverty is variant than womens poverty as is childrens poverty dissimilar from both. To approach all aspects of poverty in iodin unfixed way would lead to a likewise superficial solution lacking depth and the focus require to make truly beneficial changes. Poverty cannot be impertinenced as a globose initiative because not nearly enough attention and importance will be placed on the women in these societies. This is the problem with essentialism. Essentialism is the view that for any specific entity in that respect is a set of attributes of which be necessary to vital to its identity and function. Strategic essentialism is use one characteristic to categorize as a whole in order to essentialize themselves and reach a trustworthy defined goal. Feminism cannot be essentialized because it is too complex of an idea. thither is not just one problem that feminism has to fix, but instead a multitude of different levels and types of issued that must be considered. Since feminism is so multi-faceted, it cannot be considered with a multiculturalist approach every. Multiculturalism, which is usually efficient on smaller scales, plan of attacks to imagine a sphere that can encompass different identities and ways of be in a manner that respects and values all (Bhattacharyya, 2008). just, on a larger scale, multiculturalism does not put forward reliable claims since the factors being included argon muchtoo complex and diverse. Women atomic number 18 often one at a time discriminated in their societies. It should not be trusted that proposed initiatives of lowering poverty actually give proper and relate attention to both men and women. Accor ding to economist, Stiglitz, power gets power. In explanation, it is favoritely noted that the groups with control in societies were the ones who had all monstrous decisions made in favor of themselves because they were the ones making the decisions. They were the simply when ones who were even given the survival to hold up a voice. Throughout essentially all of hi reputation, men acquit been the one in power, and therefore the decision makers in which societies base them off of. With men in power, men go prosperous. The deal in power have the responsibility of developing a guild to become what they want it to be. What is given great importance is carried out through most decisions. Not only ar womens liberationist movements often considered global movements, but these global feminist movements atomic number 18 more than subject to westward ideas.With the increasing privatization and corporation of cosmos life, it has become much harder to discern such a womens mov ement from the United States (although womens movements ar thriving around the arena), and my site of access and struggle has increasingly come to be the U.S. academy (Mohanty, 2008). The insulation surrounded by feminist and western is increasingly being blurred, with galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) western ideas seeping through the cracks of femininity. many feminist movements attempt to pulp solutions to poverty and female discrimination in triplet-world nations through the ideas of western, developed and sinewy theorists. When solutions are signifiered across borders, the true reality and needs of the victims are not usually considered. libber scholar, Chandra Mohanty, discusses the confidence of women as an already constituted, coherent group with identical interests and desires, regardless of class, ethnic, or racial location, or contradictions, implies a notion of gender or sexual difference or even patriarchy that can be applied planetaryly and cross-cultural ly.Although in this context Mohanty is referring to the interval of analyzing men and women, this same idea should be applied to the musical interval of analyzing women of different backgrounds and cultures as well. Women are often lumped together into large and vague categories which presents a lack of division and consideration for the diversity ap erect in the women species. This ongoing insensitivity to differences causes a dividing groyne in womanhoodoften applied to class and culture. Third-world women bump even less consideration than western women usually do (Mohanty, 2008). In most of western womens writings, the numerous divisions of women are not addressed. At the end of Mohantys writing, she concludes that the only advantage that western women have over third-world women is that they live in more developed societies with stronger economies. However, socially, they suffer the same gender issues and disadvantages that correlate with being female. in that respect are b inary sorts that are common in feminist studies today. The third world woman and the western woman are approached in very different ways.The third world woman being ignorant, poor, uneducated, tradition-bound, domestic, family-oriented, victimized (Mohanty, 2008), versus the self-representation of Western women as educated, as modern, as having control over their own bodies and sexualities and the freedom to make their own decisions. These stereotypes are extremely mordacious when approaching poverty. Many third-world women feel a strong innate loyalty to the culture in which they are native to. Their culture and traditions is so deeply transcribed within them that when approached with the ideas of feminism, they often reject them. For example, a popular assumption made by many Native communities is that indigenous women should defend their own tribal nationalism which has been known to ignore the sexism and mistreatment that women in these folk musics often encounter and deal w ith to achieve liberation from colonization, (Ramirez, 2007).It is seemingly more most-valuable to these women that they prevent colonization rather than achieve social prosperity. This correlation between feminism and betraying ones tribal sovereignty is a very dangerous connection. The possible guilt that a tribe may provoke when a woman supports feminism is very unfortunate. However, disregarding feminism just because it is not commonly practiced is even more damaging. Indigenous women in the United States die from domestic hysteria at twice the rate of former(a) women (Ramirez, 2007). These high rates of female domestic violence are popular within many Native American tribes. What women in these tribes are afraid of is that feminist reforms are based off of western principles. The backbone to finding a solution is placing a construct separation between western and feminist. Feminism should be a revolution amongst women, where each separate culture and arena of womanhoods p roblems should be consideredindividually. There are too many issues to believe that one solution will be sufficient for all problems. Women in western societies must consciously accept the idea that feminism is not a movement where western women are helping or saving third-world women, but instead a movement where women of all backgrounds face their own cultural obstacles where they exist.Native American feminist consciousness should be illuminated as an important goal to be reached in the indigenous communities to beleaguer sexism instead of treating it as a white construct, (Ramirez, 2007). A woman being categorized as the opposite is a common reoccurrence throughout many feminist writings. The constant separation of men and women throughout history leads to the necessity of separate solutions for poverty as well. Women have been substandard in many contexts and on many levels. Chandra Mohanty gives specific order to the inferiority applied to much feminist research by challeng ing the ways in which women have been previously and commonly put protrude which includes Women as victims of male violence, Women as universal dependents, Married women as victims of the colonial process, Women and familial arrangings, Women and religious ideologies, and Women and the Development Process. According to Mohanty, these six structures of inferiority have justified female discrimination throughout many sectors of history. Violence against women is a popular epidemic that has created grand problems within cultures and has even led to death. It is one of many ways in which men reiterate their transcendency over women.Womens reliance on men has created an identifiable group in which they have all can relate. This characteristic of womanhood is dangerous because no successful and powerful categorization of people should be separated because of their dependency. To move past this inferior dependency, women must work to make it an idea of the past and pray their own ind ependent feats. An early(a) way in which women are treated as subordinate, is in cultures where colonization has negatively influenced the process of marriage. For example, in the Bemba culture, men work for years for a family in exchange for nutrient and eventual rights over the daughter of the family he has been working for. To trade the rights of a woman for household duties and chores is so beyond any traditional concept that may be practices. Not only are women often traded in cultures, but regardless of the way in which they become part of a family, they often choose the role of the caregiver.Women are oftensexual objects inherently used for reproduction and within a system of patriarchy. These are just some ways in which women have been continually put down and inferior to men through societal norms. The Third World woman is an idea that Chandra Mohanty introduces in her article chthonic Western Eyes womens liberationist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses which analyzes s exual difference in the form of a global, noteworthy, uniform notion of male superiority leading to the production of an play offly undermining and homogeneous Third World woman categorization. The problems that are associated with poverty cannot be assigned and divided in terms of geographical man. This assumption would lead to a categorization of all people from a certain area to then face the same obstacles. For example, it cannot be assumed that the men and women of Canada share the same struggles. The social constructs that are present in Canada can and should be approached from multiple viewpoints in order to appropriately capture their true depth.In nobodys ignominious Black Canada, Katherine McKittrick goes into depth on the reality of living in Black Canada. enchantment reading about such a specific up to now complicated and complex unit of society (the distinction of African American individuals living in Canada versus Caucasian individuals living in Canada), there is a vast amount of dimension that must be considered. In her article, McKittrick refers to African American people in Canada as surprises, as if it is unimaginable and unexpected for them to be there. In general, African American people in Canada were treated as subordinate and geographically excluded. Furthermore, when considering more specifically the ideas associated with an African American woman in Canada, even more norms are introduced. For example, consider the story of Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese-born slave who was accused of earnest down the city of Montreal.The story goes that following years of suppression in Canada, Marie-Joseph Angelique rebelled against her mistress and in an attempt to escape from slavery, set a fire to distract her while Angelique ran away. However, instead of simply burning down the house of her mistress, the fire unexpectedly spread throughout the city, burning down a infirmary and many homes. Through torture and brute force, Angelique w as pushed into confessing to the being the perpetrator of the fire, although the truthfulness in this story is tentative. Angeliques story, truthful or not, does however bringtruthfulness to core source that was in question, which was the presence of slavery in Canada. By looking at the past struggles of one woman, Angelique, we can encounter conclusions for other(a) aspects of history, such as slavery in Canada. Women are often oppressed in third world nations facing everyday threats of rape, discrimination, and constant struggles for equality. Theyre treated as the minority in which theyre special interests go unacknowledged and unattended. Referred to as the margin, they are the edge or border of a surface, the ignored or unimportant sections of a group, the blank border on each side of a page, side by side(predicate) to or in opposition to the center (McKittrick, 2006).In this application, women will always be the other (Mohanty, 2008). To approach any issue that affects fem ininity with a global solution is a clearly ineffective and wasted tactic. Although womens issues are indeed everyones issues, this does not lead to the idea that they must be tackled as a global problem. These mistreatments are not only evident in social structures, as mentioned previously through the categorizations of Chandra Mohanty, but also physically in their cultures. There are more than 1 billion people in the world today living in poverty, a big majority of those people being women. Unimaginable working conditions and societal inequities often lead to lower standards of living in many developing countries. Rooting from many causes, poverty is usually linked to poor structural foundations within countries including laws, regulations and standards that discover liberty and equality.Poverty is a multidimensional problem that usually grows from both national and international spheres. Women and girls are still 70 percent of the worlds poor and the majority of the worlds re fugees. Girls and women via media almost 80 percent of displaced persons of the Third World/South Africa, Asia and Latin America. Women own less than one percent of the worlds property, while they are the hardest hit by the effects of war, domestic violence, and religious persecution (Mohanty, 2008). The distinction that is so evidently clear through statistics and informative findings points strongly to the inferiority of women. Owning one hundredth of the worlds property, it is apparent that women are not receiving the same opportunities as men. Agriculture as a form of production has gone from 97% to 3% in the past century. However, land use in the form of agriculture and profit are very important in areas of the world that are not yetdeveloped.Women may work on these fields, but receiving the benefits from them often go to the men that own them. Mohanty reflects the views of western feminists on the third world woman as consistently being a homogeneous powerless group often l ocated as implicit victims of particular economic systems. Third world women are always the victims who need western saving, Women living in poverty are already restricted by this stereotype of helplessness. In Mohantys article Under Western Eyes Feminist Scholarshop and Colonial Discorses, she closely examines the lives of women in developing countries. Mohanty introduces scholars such as Irene Tinker, Michelle Bo Bramsen, Ester Boserup, and Perdita Huston who all write about the effects of disciplineal policies on women in the Third World, assuming that development is synonymous with economic development or economic progress.Economic development involves the concern and actions of policy makers and communities in order to improve the standard of living and economic prosperity of a population. Usually involving higher wages, literacy and health, economic development in many cases does not focus in on the sexism that is usually evident in these developing nations. When Mohanty goes on to present the case of Minces old family, Hoskens male sexual control, and Cutrufellis Western colonization, development seems to become the all-time equalizer. Women can either be affected positively or negatively by economic development policy which becomes the creation for cross-cultural comparison. Economic development often focus on the growth of men in these political and economic sectors which leads to even more inequality in these developing countries. If economic growth were to focus more on raising equality in these countries, then women would likewise benefit as well.However, this is seldom through naturally and must be given a particular amount of importance and attention. Practices that characterize womens status and roles spay according to class. The state of women in these developing countries cannot be approached in a singular way and absolutely must be separated from the developmental issues of men. The feminization of poverty is an idea introduced by Mohanty that shows a positive correlation between the level of poverty between women of color and white undertaking women in the United States. Men and women have always been segregated societys value of their confinement being one of the most evident forms of discrimination, current in even our society today. Theexistence of a sexual division of labor is often channelisen as proof of the oppression in various societies (Mohanty, 1988). Women who encounter similar situations cannot be treated as identical.For example, the rise of female-headed households has held various different meanings in cultures, specifically middle-class American and Latin American. In middle-class America, the rise of female-headed households often represents feminine progression, a token for greater independence and a womans choice to be a single parent (Mohanty, 1988). However on the other side, the same increase in female-headed households lending women more say in decision-making is concentrated in poorer ar eas, where there choices are constrained economically regardless. Discrimination between genders norms in the hands leads to their division of labor. The sexual division of expectations in labor indicates a depreciation of womens work and must be considered separately through each society and cultures own local contexts. When nations experience a big gap between genders, other nations are often led to the belief that they need saving.This assumption often leads to individuals from developing nations claiming themselves as self-righteous, then intruding on other less fortunate nations and validating it as a form of saving. When these nations intervene on others, they often lack an understanding of societal differences. Accepting and acknowledging differences, is the key to progressing. However, it is important to specify that acceptance does not necessarily lead to everyone being cultural relativists,(Abu-Lughod, 2002), but to take this idea and apply it in moderation. Intricacy and meticulousness is necessary in a world as interconnected as ours when recognizing and respecting differences. There should be no dividing line between nations, religions, or cultures in our world. The existence of western and third-world differences should not be the greatest factor that leads to separating people, and it is also important to acknowledge the fact that these are not just two binaries that all people must fit into.A separation of differences should only be approached when studying the visions of justice and the value of life, (Bhattacharyya, 2008). These differences are usually in response to different histories and different circumstances that lead to the different social cultural norms in communities. While progressing towards justice for all women, we must first accept that that is not a universal idea butinstead may vary from woman to woman. There is a range of optimal envisions that different women might want or choose. Third world feminists are often criticized as social critics (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Entrenched in their own culture, third world feminists do not only identify themselves strongly with their culture, but also make a clear separation between their idea of feminism versus feminism for other activists and cultures.Third world resentment toward feminism in the context of western thinkers makes it very awkward to progress. The prime solution to approaching feminism would be to develop a mutually respectful appreciation of differences between different the different apparent ideas. However, our world is so diverse and complex that it is very difficult to find a solution that fits within all of the parameters that would satisfy all concerns. Women of all cultures should be aware of the need for global feminist movements while rest within the strictures set by their own culture (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Resentment and difference leads to a complication of using a transnational language when approaching feminism, because it will alwa ys lack proper consideration of certain local struggles.One popular way to approach feminism is through an Indigenous methodical lens. As mentioned previously, Native American women have faced notable higher levels of mistreatment, inequality and discrimination throughout all of their recorded history. Even in current Native American communities, notions of sexism are still popularly practiced. There are many writings on feminism by Native women however these pieces often are claimed to be in involution with the specific politics of sovereignty and self-determination that many Native Americans practice. Native writings often present critiques of feminism, relating it heavily to white and middle-class concepts. Other than those who are assimilated, Native American activists do not consider themselves feminist (Smith, 2008). Feminism is categorized as an imperial project that assumes a western colonial command over indigenous nations. This categorization results in a see-saw effect b etween supporting sovereignty and rejecting feminism. When supporting sovereignty, Native activists find they must reject feminist politics.On the other side, scholars and activists who attempt to theorize feminism for native women activists often oversimplify the apparent issues with feminism, sexismin societies (both native communities and other non-native communities), and the importance of teaming up all together to solve these problems. Due to the previously mentioned opposing concepts, it is extremely difficult to articulate a movement that instantaneously decreases sexism while promoting indigenous sovereignty. The progression of womens rights has increasingly become a central goal of developmental movements, economically and socially. With a rise in feminist perspective and consideration, places that do not follow these changes in approach are often criticized. Womens participation in societal life has become a measure of societal development. The problem of binaries in our societies is an extremely important factor in understanding political movements, discrimination and extreme activism. For example, in many Islamic cultures, there have been uneven attempts in examining developments.Solutions often represent those of which come from radical or inconsiderate theorists. Recently, however, these visions have been amended and changed to more thoroughly examine the contemporary Islamic problems regarding the superiority of masculinity (Bhattacharyya, 2008). The sexist issues apparent in many third-world nations are often criticized by western activists, although these accusations are very hypocritical. Many feminist writings and studies are the products of western writers. Since the majority of feminist writings are from the western perspective, feminism has had a likewise western connotation. Western thinkers are commonly obsessed with the concept of sex, (Bhattacharyya, 2008). The presence of sexual conflict within nations often leads to a western defen se of sexuality. Sexuality is enacted as a symbol of western ideas that must be defended, as every woman should have the right to her own practiced sexuality. Western thinkers popularly believe that their problems regarding sexism are not nearly as horrible as other nations problems, so they believe it is their own responsibility to help or save others.However, western solutions are not global solutions and cannot be transcribed onto other cultures. Western separation and self-proclaimed superiority leads to a separation of us versus them. In terms of sexuality, western thinkers are often portrayed as more provocative. Westerners often accuse others of hating their freedoms- of which to love and touch and leave and experiment with their freedom to move and love freely, (Bhattacharyya, 2008). These self-proclamations are incorrectbeing that women in the western world still face many issues routing from their sex. This false representation of equal opportunity combined with democracy as a purification of western concepts is tried at being defended at all costs. Westerners often claim their ideas as completely fair and righteous, in comparison with other less fortunate countries.Although western ideas are the most common in feminist writings, they cannot be the only ones involved in discussions about foreign policy because that would lead to a misrepresentation of feminism (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Poverty is a global problem that affects individuals from all geographies and cultures. Representing different ideas to different people, poverty does not have a multiculturalist definition. As a factor to measuring poverty, feminine equality varies from culture to culture. Western feminist ideas are popular within feminist studies because they are the source of many current and historical feminist writings. However when approaching global problems such as poverty, multiple cultures views must be considered when essay to find efficient solutions. By evaluating the views of women from numerous backgrounds, we can further develop resolutions that will bring a greater amount of happiness to a greater amount of people.BibliographyUnder Western Eyes Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses Chandra Talpade Mohanty. Feminist Review , No. 30 (Autumn, 1988), pp.61-88Under Western Eyes Revisited Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles Chandra Talpade Mohanty Signs , Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535McKittrick, Katherine. Introduction, The Last They Thought of Black Womens Geographies, Nothings Shocking Black Canada . Ramriz, Renya K. Race, Tribal Nation, and Gender A Native Feminist Approach to Belonging. Meridians feminism, race, transnationalism, Vol. 7. No. 2. 2007. Pp. 22-40.Abu-Lughod. Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others. American Anthropologistv. 104 no. 3(2002) 783-790.Smith, Andrea, and J. Khaulani Kauanui. Native Feminisms Engage American Studies. American Qu arterly, 2008 241-249.Bhattacharyya, Gargi. Introduction Chapter 1. Dangerous Brown Men Exploiting Sex, Violence and Feminism in the War on Terror. London Zed, 2008. N. pp 1-45.

The Gilded Age Essay Example for Free

The Gilded Age turn upResponse During the Gilded Age (1876-1900), relation was known for being rowdy and inefficient. It was not unusual to buzz off that agreement could not be achieved because too some members were drunk or otherwise preoccupied with extra-governmental affairs. It was an epoch in which governmental corruption seemed to be the norm. Practices that today would be viewed as scandalous were accepted as a matter of routine. The narrow division between republican and Democratic voters made both parties hesitant to take salubrious stands on any issue for fear of alienating blocs of voters. The result was that little got done.The halls of Congress were filled with tobacco smoke, Businessmen wantonly bribed public officials at the local, state and national level, and political machines morose elections into exercises in fraud and manipulation. (Kennedy, pg 591) The Senate, whose seats were often auctioned off to the highest bidder, was known as a rich mans club, where political favors were traded like horses, and the needs of the people in the working classes lay beyond the vision of those exalted legislators. The predominant fact concerning the American political parties between 1875 and 1900 was that the parties were evenly divided.The Republican Party held a slight boundary in national politics, largely on their repeated claim that it was the Democratic Party that had caused the Civil War. Republicans were famous for waving the Bloody Shirt, calling Democrats responsible for the blood that was shed over secession. (Kennedy, Pg 602) Union veterans gravitated to a great extent to the Republican Party, which caused its popularity. Before the Civil War the Democratic Party had become a heavily Southern party, and its strong Southern base continued until well into the 20th century.The northern wing of the Democratic Party leaned heavily in favor of the working classes, whose demographic makeup included Roman Catholics of German and Irish descent, and many of the working class immigrants once they became eligible to vote. Neither Democrats nor Republicans were willing to take strong stands on issues grievous to the voters. Due to the corruption of the parties, little was done in office. The sectionalism caused unfair elections and favored voting that would perish for the next decades to come.

Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies Among Transgenders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Di focusing and heading Strategies Among Trans intimateitys EssayWhy comp be yourself-importance with others? No unitary in the entire world can do a better job of being you than you.1 Trans sexual urge is a general term applied to a renewing of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles. Transgender is the state of ones gender individuality (self-identification as woman, man, nevery or both) non matching ones assigned sex (identification by others as male, female person or intersex ground on animal(prenominal)/genetic sex). A transgender individual may create characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist offside of it as other, agender, Genderqueer, or third gender. Transgender great deal may also identify as bigender, or a foresightful several(prenominal) places on either the traditional transgender continuum, or the more encompassing continuums which have been developed in chemical reaction to the pregnantly more detailed studies done in recent years.2 Transgender refers to a person, male or female, who dresses, acts or donations in a manner that differs from his or her gender norm. Transgender includes transvestites (both fetish and dual-role), drag queens, drag kings, androgynes and genderqueers. It does not include trans informal people.3 The transgender community in India, cognize as hijras, number up to a million people and occupy a unique role in society. On the one hand, they are called upon to strait blessings during auspicious occasions like weddings and at births. The rest of the sentence, they are not only ignored nevertheless a good deal ostracized from society.4 Transgender individuals are commonly viewed as a part of the lesbian, gay, and bi informal (LGB) community, forming the commonly known acronym LGBT. However, inclusion ashes of transgender indi viduals within the intimate orientation political movement, and at social or cultural gay/lesbian events is highly debated.This is due to the division of sexual orientation and gender identity, which, though cor related to, are distinguishable constructs. Whereas sexual orientation refers to ones emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to others, gender identity refers to the persons kinship to their gender and is largely independent of orientation. It is important to make the distinction amid sex and gender. depend on is biological and physical (e.g., chromosomes, hormones, gonads), while gender is psychologically and socially constructed. For transgender individuals, gender is not congruent with sex. In order to align sex and gender a transgender individual may or may not undergo medical treatment, such as hormones or surgery.5 Psychological distress is the end leave alone of factorsexample, psychogenic pain, internal conflicts, and external stress that prevent a person fro m self-actualization and connecting with strong others6. lintel is the divulgego conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict. Psychological heading mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. The term coping loosely refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies, i.e., the strategies reduce stress levels. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e., the coping response follows the stressor. This contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head rancid a future stressor7.Brief Resume of Intended Work6.1 NEED FOR field of viewThe term transgender (TG) was popularized in the 1970s (but implied in the 1960) describing people who wanted to alive(p) cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. In the 1980s the term was spread out to an umbrella term, and became popular as a means of uniting all those whose gender identit y did not mesh with their gender assigned at birth. In the 1990s, the term took on a political attribute as an alliance covering all who have at some point not conformed to gender norms, and the term became employ to question the validity of those norms or pursue equal rights and anti-discrimination legislation, leading to its widespread employ in the media, academic world and law. The term continues to evolve.2 The cosmos of hijras in India is estimated to be amid 50,000 and 1.2 million. There is a huge disparity in the numbers because population censuses only give space to define either males or females. There are no reliable statistics. Tamil Nadu in a path faulting move has come to recognize transgenders (the term itself is no monolith as transgender is more of an umbrella term).8 around hijras live at the margins of society with very low status the very word hijra is sometimes use in a derogatory manner. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get thei r income from do at ceremonies, begging, or sex workan occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times. Violence against hijras, especially hijra sex workers, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes. As with transgender people in to the highest degree of the world, they baptistery extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories.9 Discrimination has prevented most hijras from obtaining decent education, jobs and housing, say transgender and human rights activists. The vast majority live in slums and, with limited job opportunities, resort to sex work or begging. They weave in and out of Mumbais traffic or come onto the womens compartments of local trains, clap loudly and take currency in exchange for a blessing. While hijras continue to face discrimination, they have also made significant social and lega l gains in recent years. Last July, the Delhi High Court decriminalized gay sex, and in November, transgenders win the right to be listed as other rather than male or female on electoral rolls and voter identity cards.4Tamil Nadu has an estimated population of 30,000 transgender people. It has made great strides in trying to integrate transgender people into society. This includes welfare schemes initiated by the Government and acceptance of transgender people into the mainstream media and film industry.10 The Hijra of India are probably the most easily known and populous third sex type in the modern world Mumbai-based community health organisation The Humsafar Trust estimates there are between 5 and 6 million hijras in India. In different areas they are known as Aravani/Aruvani or Jogappa. Often (somewhat misleadingly) called eunuchs in English, they may be innate(p) intersex or apparently male, dress in feminine clothes and generally see themselves as neither men. In June 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered a census of hijras, who number between 80,000 and 300,000 in Pakistan. In December 2009, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, the Chief Justice of Pakistan, ordered that the National Database and Registration Authority issue issue identity cards to members of the community showing their distinct gender.11 In a national instruct climate survey on the school related experiences of our nations lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth, 55 share of transgender youth report being physically attacked.33.2 percent of transgender youth have attempted suicide. 74 percent of transgender youth inform being sexually harassed at school, and 90 percent of transgender youth reported feeling unsafe at school because of their gender expression In a survey of 403 transgender people, 78 percent reported having been verbally harassed and 48 percent reported having been victims of assault, including assault with a weapon, sexual assault or rape. A prove was found t hat bisexual students in Massachusetts and Vermont were three to cardinal times more likely to use cocaine than their straight classmates.12 A get a line channeled on fifty-five transgender youth described their gender development and some of the stressful life experiences related to their gender identity and gender expression.More than two-thirds of youth reported past verbal abuse by their parents or peers related to their gender identity and nonconformity, and approximately one-fifth to one-third reported past physical abuse. The more gender non-conforming the youth were, the more abuse they reported. Four aspects of psychological resilience were examined a sense of personal mastery, self-esteem, perceived social support, and emotion-oriented coping. A regression model of the selected aspects of resilience accounted for 4055 percent of the variance in relation to depression, trauma symptoms, psychic health symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Emotion-orient ed coping was a significant predictor of negative mental health as determined by each of the mental health variables13. A ascertain conducted by GLSEN found that over 85 percent of trans students reported verbal harassment based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Nearly half (49.5 percent) reported physical harassment based on these characteristics, and a third (34.1 percent) reported being physically assaulted. Transgender students get harassed much more often than their classmates the study found that transgender students were over four times more likely to be verbally harassed because of their gender expression. The dramatically higher frequency of such victimization among transgender people is alarming, and as one would assume, has significant personal effects on a students ability to learn.14 Psychiatric nurses are often in ideal position to assess the health and its problems and to offer education and support. Nurse needs to be learned about psychological distr ess and coping mechanism among Transgender people. When the nurse develops an effective plan for nursingmanagement, she should involve family involvement, appropriate referral resources. The above studies highlight the psychological distress faced by the transgenders. As there is a dearth of research studies on transgenders in nursing, the researcher felt the need to contribute, explore and identify the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders.6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATUREA study conducted on the fear of experiencing discrimination often provokes symptoms of psychological distress. One coping resource is positive identification with ones social groupknown as collective self-esteem. This feeler study investigated whether collective self-esteem was related to fears regarding a transsexual identity and psychological distress among 53 self-identified male-to-female transsexuals (mean age = 50.79 years). Participants were recruited from transgender events held in Ariz ona and California. The majority (81 percent) reported living full-time as women (mean length of time living as a woman = 6.33 years). Negative feelings about the transsexual community and fears regarding the impact of a transsexual identity were positively related to psychological distress. A regression model revealed that the fear of how a transsexual identity would affect ones life was the best predictor of the severity of psychological distress. These results are unchanging with findings from other historically marginalized groups, whereby the stress of being stigmatized by society adversely affects mental health.15 A study used three focus groups to explore factors that affect the experiences of youth (ages 15 to 21) that identify as transgender. The focus groups were designed to probe transgender youths experiences of vulnerability in the areas of health and mental health. This involved their exposure to put on the lines, discrimination, marginalization, and their inlet to supportive resources. Three themes emerged from an analysis of the groups conversations. The themes centered on gender identity and gender presentation, sexuality and sexual orientation, and vulnerability and health issues. Most youth reported feeling they were transgender at puberty, and they experienced negative reactions to their gender atypical behaviors, as well as confusion between their gender identity and sexual orientation. juvenility noted four problems related to their vulnerability in health-related areas the lack of safe environments, poor access to physical health services, inadequate resources to address their mental health concerns, and a lack of continuity of care better-looking by their families and communities16. A study conducted on the sexual minority status is a key take a chance of exposure factor for suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth however, it has not been studied among transgender youth. Fifty-five transgender youth reported on their life-t hreatening behaviours. Nearly half of the sample reported having seriously thought about taking their lives and one quarter reported suicide attempts. Factors significantly related to having made a suicide attempt include suicidal ideation related to transgender identity experiences of past parental verbal and physical abuse and lower body esteem, especially weight satisfaction and thoughts of how others evaluate the youths bodies.Sexual minority status is a key risk factor for life-threatening behaviours among transgender youth.17 A recent study undertaken to understand the level of General wellbeing of Male-to-female (MTF) Transgender population living in Chennai shed light on the mental health concerns of the transgender population in Chennai. The study consisted of transgender (n=33), and that had been selected for the study by using Purposive sampling proficiency because it was a challenge to collect information from the population, given their obscurity. A standardized Tamil version of the Wellbeing Questionnaire-12 was used. As for the results of the quantitative data, 75.76 percent of the samples devolve under Average Wellbeing Category, 24.24 percent of samples fell under Better Wellbeing Category and 0 percent fell under Poor Wellbeing Category. From the In-Depth Interviews it is inferred that the socio-economic status of Transgender is very poor, they feel inferior to others and are constantly humiliated and ill-treated by the society at large.However, support within the community is strong.18 A research study has documented the link between mental health disorders and discrimination. The coming-out process for an older LGBT person, who has lived most of his or her life in a hostile or intolerant environment, can induce significant stress and contribute to lower life satisfaction and self-esteem. Managing social stressors such as prejudice, stigmatization, violence, and internalized homophobia over long periods of time results in higher risks of d epression, suicide, risky behaviour, and substance abuse. LGBT populations, therefore, may be at increased risk for these and other mental disorders. There may be a higher lifetime prevalence of emotional disorders in LGBT persons, but no difference in current prevalence of such disorders. However, while little is known about the actual prevalence of mental health disorders in LGBT adults, even less is known about the prevalence of mental health disorders in older LGBT adults.19 A study examined the relationship between psychological well-being variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and self-esteem) and level of outness in male-to-female (M t F) transsexuals. Participants were 105 M t F transsexual attendees at an annual transgender conference held in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants completed seven questionnaires, including the Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Attitude Scale, the Openness Scale, the Beck mental picture Inventory-II, th e Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A canonical correlation was conducted with psychological well-being variables as the predictor and the outness variables as the criterion. Results indicated that psychological well-being variables are related to outness. Treatment implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.20 didactics OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To assess the psychological distress among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 2. To assess the coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 3. To find out the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 4. To find out the association between the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders with selected demographic variables.6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS* ASSESS In this study, assess refers to an organized and doctrinal way of finding out the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgender. * PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS In this study, psychological distress refers to the failure of the people to respond adequately to mental, emotional, or physical demands which will be assessed by using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. * COPING STRATEGIES In this study coping strategies refers to the mechanism that adapted by the transgenders to overcome the distress which will be assessed by using Coping Strategies stick to. * TRANSGENDER In this study, transgender refers to people those are born with a particular gender but have the behaviour and characteristics of opposite gender.HYPOSTHESISH1- There is a significant relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies. H2- There is significant association between psychological distresses with selected demographic variables. H3 There is signi ficant association between coping strategies with selected demographic variables.6.5 ASSUMPTIONS* Transgenders adopt different coping strategies to overcome psychological distress.VARIABLES UNDER THE STUDY* Research variable* Psychological distress* Coping strategies.* Demographic variableAge, education, religion, marital status, cultural background, socio economic status, area of residence, past experiences.DELIMITATIONS* The study is delimited to selected areas of Bangalore.* The study is limited to 100 samples.7. MATERIAL AND METHODS7.1 SOURCE OF dataThe data will be collected from the transgender in selected areas in Bangalore. look into APPROACHThe investigator will use descriptive exploratory approach to conduct the study.RESEARCH DESIGNThe research design for the study will be descriptive survey design.RESEARCH SETTINGSStudy will be done in the selected NGOs for transgenders in Bangalore.POPULATIONThe repoint population for study is transgenders in selected area.SAMPLINGTEC HNIQUEInvestigator is using purposive sampling technique to draw the samples.SAMPLE SIZEThe sample size will be 100 transgenders.SAMPLING CRITERIA inclusion CRITERIA* People who are willing to participate in this study.* People who know English and Kannada.* People present at the time of data collection.EXCLUSION CRITERIA* People who are terminally ill or have critical illness.METHODS OF COLLECTING DATAStructured self reporting technique will be used to collect the data. Permission will be taken from samples and an informed consent will be obtained from the samples.7.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOL* Part I it consists of demographic variables like age, gender, education, socio-economic status, area of residence, past experiences. * Part II the investigator will use Kessler Psychological Distress Scale for psychological distress and Coping Strategies Survey for assessing coping strategies.DATA ANALYSIS METHOD* The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. * Descrip tive statistics like mean, frequency, percentages and standard deviation will be used. * Inferential statistics like correlation co-efficient and chi- square methods will be used. 7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.* No, this is a descriptive study, it does not require any investigation to be conducted on patients or human or animals. 7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION? * Yes, the ethical clearance certificate has been enclosed.8. REFERENCES1. obtainable from uniform resource locatorhttp//thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=self+esteem 2. Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (online). 2010 May ( cited 2011 Feb 24) open from URL http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender 3. easy from URL http//uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070926024655AAZAbtB 4. Hanna Ingber Win. Global post. Transgender India Banned in Bombay? (Onli ne) 2010 April 10 1(8). Available from URL http//www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/100409/india-transgender-scandal-banned-bombay 5. Kayden Z Healy. Internalized Transphobia, Minority Stress, and Collective Self-Esteem. June 2011 6. 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Aspects of Psychological Resilience among Transgender young person. Journal of LGBT Youth (serial online) 2011 (cited 2011 Apr 08) 8(2) (2y screens). Available from URL http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19361653.2011.541347 14. Tonei Glavinic. Student plus online academic student journal. Research Shows Lack of Support for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth in U.S. School Systems 2009 January 24 1. 15. Sanchez, Francisco J, Vilain, Eric. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to-female transsexuals 2009 Jan 56(1) 202-9. 16. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality(serial online) 2006 (cited 2008 oct 17) 51(1) (2y screens). Available from URL http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs /10.1300/J082v51n01_06 17. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Life-Threatening Behaviors. 2010 Dec 18. Thilakaravi. Mental health Concerns of Transgender Population Living in Chennai, South India A Study. MeD INDIA Networking for health January 2011. 19. Mark J Simone, Jonathan. Appelbaum. Clinical gediatrics. Addressing the unavoidably of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults 2011 19(2) p.38-45. 20. Jeffrey D Strain, I Michael Shuff. Psychological Well-Being and Level of Outness in a Population of Male-to-Female transsexual(prenominal) Women Attending a National Transgender Conference. International Journal of Transgenderis 2010 oct-dec p. 230-240.