Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Essay

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck The Chrysanthemums, one of John Steinbecks masterpieces, describes a lonely farmers wife, Elisa Allen. Elisa Allens physical appearance is very mannish yet still allows a hint of a feminine side to peek through. John Steinbeck brings symbolism into play to represent Elisa Allens frustrations and hidden passions. Isolation is another representation through symbolism found in The Chrysanthemums. Elisas failing detached marriage is represented through two symbols. The two reoccurring symbols are the chrysanthemums and fences. John Steinbeck draws pity from the reader for Elisa Allen who desperately wishes to experience the passions of a fulfilling marriage and the stimulation of†¦show more content†¦ A figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy apron with four big pockets (Steinbeck 1463). Steinbeck, by allowing the dress to be seen, is showing the readers Elisa passion that long to be unbridled. The manly gloves that she wore to protect her hands show that she still wants to be a women yet long for the adventure a mans life contains. Clothing was not the only symbol of repression in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums. There are many symbolic references to Elisa Allen as a sexually repressed and frustrated woman. One representation of the chrysanthemum is Elisas passion and eagerness to live and experience life a content woman. While tending her chrysanthemums she pulled out the crisp little roots and trimmed of the leaves of each one with her scissors (Steinbeck 1464). This is a symbolism of Elisa Allen closing off all opportunities to grow as a sexual woman; She has resigned herself to the monotonous life as a complacent farmers wife (Lee 1). The figured print dress (Steinbeck 1463) under the apron shows the readers that Elisa is aware of her sexuality but instead of acting on it has chosen to subdue it. She keeps her sexuality and passions under control like she cares for her chrysanthemums laid [in a] small [and] orderly pile (Ste inbeck 1464) (Lee 1). Elisa begins to allow this sexuality to emerge when the traveling tinker romantically describes herShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in the Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1758 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums is a story that is full of symbolism. After the first read, it might seem like an innocent tale about a woman and her garden. However, upon further examination, the reader learns it is actually a story about a womans desires and frustrations in her life. Steinbeck uses many examples, such as the flowers to symbolize the thoughts and ideas of the main character, Elisa, in this story. Elisa Allen is a lonesome woman who gets pleasure from growingRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1179 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck A symbol is an act, person, thing, or spectacle that stands for something else, by association a usually broader idea in addition to its own literal meaning (Cassill Bausch, 1728). John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums may seem as a story describing a simple day with the Allen couple. It begins with Elisa Allen working in her garden and her husband, Henry Allen, negotiating with two suited business men that want to purchase steers. TheyRead MoreEssay about Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck700 Words   |  3 PagesSymbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck At first glance John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums seems to be a story of a woman whose niche is in the garden. Upon deeper inspection, the story reveals strong symbolisms of children, vulnerability, and connection--being the most important, of the main character. Elisa Allen is the main character who is at her strongest and most proud in the garden and weakened when she becomes vulnerable and loses her connection to the outer worldRead MoreComparing John Steinbeck s Mice And Men And The Grapes Of Wrath1126 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and Contrasting Steinbeck John Steinbeck is a famous author known for many of his short stories, as well as the books Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. His works have been studied and analyzed often because of his unique ability to create symbolism from small amounts of text. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck, and was first published in 1939. It tells the story of a woman who feels she is capable of completing any task a man can, but is set back byRead More The Chrysanthemums Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s, The Chrysanthemums, was published in 1938 in a book of short stories, entitled The Long Valley. The Chrysanthemums has been a rather powerful draw for scholars because of its wide gap for interpretations and analysis of its main protagonist character, Elisa Allen and also the unique descriptions used to portray the deeper meaning behind the setting of the story. Themes of sexuality, oppression of women, as well as other numerous typ es of conflict portrayed in this rather somberRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck. The story was originally published in 1937 before later being released as a part of his The Long Valley collection. This is an important story as it expresses women in a way that is more realistic, showing their true boredom, ambition, and capabilities. Some scholars interpreted this story differently, but C. Kenneth Pellow interprets it as â€Å"radically feministic.† The Great Depression was finally ending and women’s rights were risingRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums973 Words   |  4 Pages Prompt: How do the chrysanthemums as well as other symbols throughout the short story show women’s role in society? A Potential for Equality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans, just as flowers, cannot fully live without sunlight. They cannot develop without nourishment, and most of all they cannot flourish if not carefully tended to. Just as the Chrysanthemums fight to stay strong and meaningful in the short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, the main character, Emily, tries to do the same. BothRead MoreAlice Munros Boys and Girls and John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums1455 Words   |  6 Pagesand taking care of the children. While this stereotype does not exist as much in the 21st century, it was very prevalent in the 1900s. By using many different literary tools such as character development, symbolism, and setting, Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls and John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums challenge this controversial topic of the treatment of women versus men in the 1900s. Munro uses a fox farm for the setting of Boys and Girls to bring out many of the social issues between genders. WhileRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums Symbolism Analysis1040 Words   |  5 PagesMale Dominance Revealed Through Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums In Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemum† a story is told of a woman who loves to garden and tend to her beautiful chrysanthemums, a husband who tends to the matters of business on the ranch, and the strange encounter with a tinkerer. Each of these aspects create the story, but there is more depth than what meets the eye. Through Steinbeck’s short story one can recognize many symbols that represent the different gender roles of men andRead MoreLiterary Analysis the Chrysanthemums1128 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Course Date: Chrysanthemums: Literary Criticism At the turn of the 20th century, women were considered inferior to men: they were only required to stay at home, take care of households and children. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, as told by John Steinbeck, is a story of a woman during that period who tries to change the course of her destiny. In this story, the two-fold issues of femininity and symbolism play a critical part in explaining this helplessness. Steinbeck uses the narrative to signify

Analysis Of George Orwell s The Road - 3871 Words

INTRODUCTION â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding, â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, â€Å"The Time Machine† by H.G. Wells and â€Å"A Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley are all novels of the dystopian genre, that explore a post-apocalyptic world. The genre of the post-apocalypse is becoming ever more popular in the post World War Two English speaking world. The authors of these novels I feel, have a very distinct voice and style they create themselves to explore this world. A recent novel that really struck me as a novel in which the writer creates a unique tone in which to write his book in is Cormac McCarthy’s, â€Å"The Road†. In â€Å"The Road†, McCarthy has a distinct and plangent tone. The English used by McCarthy differs from the English used in novels of†¦show more content†¦So, in my essay, through the analysis of the language in specific depiction of settings, themes, ideas and the author’s voice, how the writer creates a language to fully depict the setting of his post-apocalyptic novel. MAIN BODY In the novel â€Å"The Road†, Cormac McCarthy presents and creates a language to comprehensibly describe and create an image of hell. â€Å"Literature differs from life in that life is amorphously full of detail, and rarely directs us towards it, whereas literature teaches us to notice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I feel this quote is particularly relevant to McCarthy, as his description in novels, although seemingly in analysis rather barren, his use of descriptive language creates and extremely vivid image. McCarthy uses simple adjectives, repetition and narrates the novel in a godlike omnipresent voice, as well as employing biblical style language and sentence structure. His language in the novel is â€Å"as minimalist as ever† , as indeed it is in his style to write simplistically. One can compare, any line from any of his novels, and see this. This can be seen in his other novels, for example â€Å"No Country for Old Men†, which was written too in this style of language and is described as â€Å"nothing if not pre-apocalyptic†. If one reads this novel, or any of his novels, this style is obvious, but it is arguably particularly effective in â€Å"The Road† to create a language of the post-apocalypse. McCarthyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Road 1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), Orwell tries out his own understanding of socialism, with striking phrasing: â€Å"We’ve got to fight for justice and liberty. And socialism does mean justice and liberty, when the nonsense is stripped off it.† He further declares that â€Å"the real socialist is one who wishes—not merely conceives it as desirable but actively wishes—to see tyranny overthrown† (Orwell, The Road 76). One senses here that the point is not the ultimate triumph of a particular doctrine or partyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Road Of Wigan Pier 1806 Words   |  8 Pageswere very poor, work was hard to find, money was tight, people were malnourished; homeless; or dying in the coal mines. Conditions in England’s industrial North were horrifying. As George Orwell travels to Wigan and its surrounding areas on a two month sabbatical tha t serves as his inspiration for his book, â€Å"The Road to Wigan Pier,† which shows the bleak living conditions for the poor and unemployed of the area. It also uses these conditions, and his own upbringing as a sounding board for the moralityRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Road Of Wigan Pier 1590 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Orwell, an English socialist active during the 1930’s, was chosen to write a book about poverty, unemployment and living conditions of the working class by the Left Book Club. His book, The Road to Wigan Pier, revealed industrialism as the fundamental issue within English society and its effects on a depressed England. Industrialism, at the root of his argument, acts as the leading contributor to the harsh working conditions in mining towns and the astronomical poverty levels, but, also, theRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Road Of Wigan Pier 2530 Words   |  11 PagesThe Road to Wigan Pier’, an autobiography written by George Orwell, was first published in 1937. The first half of this book documents Orwell’s observations about the poor living conditions amongst some working class families belonging to Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the period before World War Two had begun. In the second half, Orwell wrote a long essay about his own experiences in the book where he covered topics such as his middle-class upbringing, the developing ideas regarding his politicalRead MoreReview Of George Orwell s The Road 1923 Words   |  8 PagesReview on George Orwell – The Road to Wigan Pier Course – BA Hons (With foundation) Community studies. Health, youth, and community Module – Reading Modern Society Tutor – Wendy Bateman Student ID – 1608296 Submission Date – Tuesday 6th December 2016 Describe and illustrate an informed opinion based on research and analysis of evidence Analyse information, experiences, and article reasoned arguments through reflection, review and evaluation. Demonstrate an introductoryRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell believes â€Å"What you get over and over again is a movement of the proletariat which is promptly characterized and betrayed by astute people at the top and then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never arrives is equality† (Letemendia 1). Orwell simply loathes revolution and thinks it is unfair to the majority, for the people. He thinks that while individuals change, the people in power are always corrupt and they will corrupt any attempt at change. He communicatesRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Everyday Life 1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe English Language, George Orwell explains how language is used to hide facts that may sound displeasing to the public, while in his text The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), Sigmund Freud proves how language is used to hide unacceptable thoughts deep within our minds. Orwell and Freud hold different opin ions on what language is used to hide due to their differing historical contexts, but they both conclude that language, in its current state, cannot be trusted. Orwell offers several reasonsRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. ChapterRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 PagesGeorge Orwell England Your England As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me. They do not feel any enmity against me as an individual, nor I against them. They are ‘only doing their duty’, as the saying goes. Most of them, I have no doubt, are kind-hearted lawabiding men who would never dream of committing murder in private life. On the other hand, if one of them succeeds in blowing me to pieces with a well-placed bomb, he will never sleep any the worse for

Money an Possesions Free Essays

The Bible says a lot about money, wealth and riches. Jesus said, â€Å"It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. † (Mark 10:25). We will write a custom essay sample on Money an Possesions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jesus, already knows the human heart better than anyone . So many times, rich people make wealth their number one priority instead of God. They spend most of their time making wealth, and spending it. Money becomes their idol. God said in his commandment that their should be no other Gods before him and hey break that by idealizing money. We don’t have enough faith to depend on God and know that he will gives us our desires of our hearts if we Just seek him and give him our all. Our culture wants to buy the new cars, new music players, new computers, new furniture, So we’ are caught somewhere in between, not poor but far from rich. We see the importance that money brings to us. We have even seen rich people get treated with respect and we want a piece of that for ourselves. We have God, but we want more. Just like Adam and Eve, we desire to be bigger and better than we are. Satan lied to them then, and he’s still lying to us today. We know we can’t but certain things and we know that we can’t afford vacations, UT the devil tells us we can and then we have to pay the consequences in the long run. As long as we have Jesus we are rich. We don’t need all that big stuff. God knows what we need and what we don’t need. There was this song; it was called â€Å"The world didn’t give and the world can’t take it away’. How to cite Money an Possesions, Papers

Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance Corporate Cultu

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Culture and Organizational Performancefor Corporate Culture. Answer: Strong Organizational Culture Essential for Superior Organizational Performance Many factors work together to influence the performance of organizations. While some traditional theorists do not consider organizational culture to be a key determinant of the success of organizations, recent research indicates that a strong culture is vital for the superb performance of organizations. A strong organizational culture is a culture that is internally consistent, makes apparent what it requires and how people should achieve it, and is widely shared among members (Cartwright et al. 2001). According to Witte and Muijen (2000), a strong organizational culture as one that reinforces the central beliefs and actions that the management wants and at the same time weakens the values and behaviors that the management rejects. On the other hand, he considers a weak culture as one that has little alignment with organizational values. In the light of these definitions, it is clear that a strong culture promotes constructive behaviors and weeds out negative behaviors among members. However, a weak organizational culture either promotes unconstructive behaviors or does nothing to help members to focus on realizing the organizations vision (Samson Daft 2015). In the traditional setup, organizations viewed culture as a means of improving internal integration and coordination. However, the modern view of this concept shows that culture is essential in mediating adaptation to the environment. The traditional view of a stable organizational culture could not agree with the current understanding that a strong culture has the ability to help organizations to adapt and change (Ybema et al. 2011). For many decades, organizations have also viewed a strong culture as a conservative force. Some researchers still hold that a strong culture is dysfunctional for contemporary business organizations that should be change-oriented. However, in contrary to this view, Schein argues that an organization will not be resistant to change simply because a strong culture is relatively stable (Martin 2007). According to him, the content for a strong culture can be change-oriented, and therefore promote change more than a weak culture that offers little or no direction to the organization. Additionally, the expert holds that the fact that some strong organizational cultures in the past frustrated change do not make a stable culture inappropriate in any way. With effective management, an organization can reap the benefits of a stable culture and still be responsive to change. He also provides that for modern organizations to be successful, their cultures should be strong but limited, thereby differentiating fundamental assumptions that are essential to their survival and success. Since modern organizations operate in rapidly changing environments and extensive internal workforce diversity, a strong organizational culture can help them to perform much better (Martin 2007). However, the type of organizational culture that fits in the current environment one that is less pervasive regarding laying down strict norms and behavior patterns that one must exhibit to be considered a member of the community. Cultures that existed in the past did not put this into consideration, and that led to the failure of many organizations. This finding was supported by Alvesson (2016) in one of their famous studies that focused on the reasons behind the impressive performance of companies that had strong and lasting success. Other than the implications of a strong organizational culture at the organizational level, it also has implications at the individual level. Since everyone in an organization has different cultures, people must first try to adjust to following the norms and values of the organizations where they work. The adoption of the organizations culture is critical for the employees success. Research has shown that adoption of a new organizational culture is easier when people are walking towards one direction within the organization. The commitment of the employee as well as the efficiency of the group plays a critical role in helping individuals to adopt the value and beliefs of the organization (Samson Daft 2015). Organizational culture can influence the behavior of members. Weak value systems promote the integration of expectations of the philosophy of the management, organizational rituals, customs, and preferred behavioral patterns through some form of coercion. When coercion is use, members experience stress and dissatisfaction. This idea is based on the foundation that human beings will always resist any integration process that does things contrary to their will. Members are able to cope up with any integration process through aggressive behavior, which can result in far-reaching consequences at both organizational and individual level. The outcome can be organizational dysfunction (Karlsson 2012). A strong organizational culture should take care of irrationality of thoughts. The extent to which this makes them feel satisfied or stressed up depends on how they perceive the new demands and try to cope with them. A strong value system should support employees to meet the new challenges head on. If this does not happen, they will experience anxiety and tension (Karlsson 2012). When employees are stressed, a strong work culture will require that they avoid taking up challenging situations. In a strong organizational culture, there are numerous rational ways of coping than in a power-centered weak culture where there is greater emphasis on using coercion to ensure all members adjust with culture. With coercion, conflicting situations increases (Quatro, 2002). Additionally, a culture that is not challenging and improvement oriented can contribute the development of a tendency of idling around and continuing with routine practices as it does not create an environment that is taxing to the brain and skills. Human beings find it pleasurable to sit idle and enjoy the benefits that their organization offers. An idle value system that does not put constructive pressure on employees to perform is responsible for this destructive coping behavior. If the management introduces rigid measures in future, the scope of employees is to develop into a military behavior, which ensures that the organization cannot introduce any change for improvement (Pritchard Eliot 2012). Organizational culture can create room for suspicious mentality is not helpful. Employees are usually clear on their expectations towards motivational and maintenance needs. A culture that cannot rectify their doubts regarding the realization of relatedness, existence as well as growth needs can lead employees to develop a suspicious attitude towards their superiors. In an authoritative value system, there is limited room for interaction and interrelationship. Members, therefore, easily develop suspicious mentality towards their leaders decision-makings that relate to their personal goals. The result of this is individual-industrial action (Jennex 2010). The workplace embraces the principle of equal sharing of responsibilities. However, the readiness to do this does not come automatically. An organizational culture that calls for mutual respect, mutual understanding, mutual acceptance, and mutual trust makes it possible for people to be willing to share organizational responsibilities (Schermerhorn et al. 2008). If the culture does not value communication between employees and the management, rigidity, suspicion, lack of confidence, low-level cooperation, and distrust become the byproduct of that particular situation. The outcome is more psychological and physical problems to employees and adverse hazards to the organization. Organizational culture also determines the emotional health of its workers. If an organizations culture ensures its employees internalize the norms and behaviors through a supportive approach, it creates room for improvement. During socialization, the desirable behavioral patterns can be molded in employees, and this process of learning is considered complete only when it generates mutual support and mutual interest. Compulsion cannot yield any positive results. Socialization in a power-distance culture, instead of developing emotional maturity so that members can be able to behave appropriately, makes members react more antagonistically and immaturely (Schermerhorn et al. 2008). For any organization to succeed, it must produce high-quality products, have effective co-operation at all levels, and abide by proactive management policies that make up a positive value system. A culture that ignores these factors and promotes labor-management conflict, mutual non-acceptance, mistrust, and rigid rules cannot help an organization to win the unconditional trust and cooperation of employees (Worley 2000). The only way to have the trust and confidence is to create a healthy psychological contract between the organization and the employees. A culture that creates room for the disruption of this psychological bond can destroy this contract and put the organization at the risk of failure. A value system that has good things to transfer recognizes the essence of having a comprehensive induction and training program. This program helps to develop a realistic perception of what the company expects from its employees. Weak organizational cultures do not have anything to transfer as they believe people are unique and their actions should demonstrate that. This plants an unrealistic attitude in employees. Socialization agents such as management, peer groups, and trade unions influence the behavior of its members. If an organizations value system promotes an excellent culture, these agents transfer the same belief system to new employees. However, if they promote weak culture, these socialization agents contribution will only help to build unrealistic attitudes and lead to the development of unrealistic value expectations and demands (Ulrich Ulrich 2010). A weak organizational culture promotes dependency to superiors and submissive attitude that result into a personal rivalry. Members are forced to follow their superiors since they can hold their timely promotions, payment, and other benefits. Greater job stress and job dissatisfaction are key indicators of this type of rivalry. The growth opportunities for workers, their creativity, and their improvement in the skill and knowledge are denied. This rivalry can lead to high-level organizational conflict t(Flamholtz Randle 2011). Organization culture can also affect the development of an individuals self-concept. The manner in which an organization extends an opportunity for its members to understand their versatility, their life, and meaning attached to the organization, realistic perception and potential determines how they view themselves. Since people differ in many ways and these differences can create a lot of differences in work performance, a strong organization culture should create room for diversities. A power driven weak culture destroys the enthusiastic mindset of employees, and when employees encounter such situations, they develop maladjusted behavior. Organizational culture also has an effect on the attitude and behavior of employees (Flamholtz Randle 2011). It can lead members to quit their jobs or continue. A cohesive culture and supportive culture influence the behavior of members positively. On the other hand, in a culture where there is no value for members work, no objective feedback, and there is increased marginalization and victimization, members will always quit the organization. In such a culture, the rate of labor turnover is high, absenteeism high; there is low quality of production, and less profit (Blanchard Miller 2004). Additionally, organizational cultures affect the quality of life of members of organizations. The extent to which members of an organization can meet their personal needs by being employees of that organization can be affected by the organizations culture. The members want the organization to offer them job security, a cordial work environment, employment benefits, autonomy, collaboration, openness, and adequate pay, among many other benefits. These factors influence the kind of life that these individuals lead. If an organization offers most of these things, the quality of life of their employees goes up. In a weak organizational culture, as there is less job security, weak interpersonal relationships, low growth opportunity, and poor labor management, the quality of work life is incredibly low (Blanchard Miller 2004). In conclusion, this analysis provides severe consequences that relate to both a weak and a strong organizational culture. The greatest lesson for managers is that they should identify these consequences at both the organizational level and individual level and adopt a culture that offers the most benefit. Of the greatest significance is how they should prevent the adverse effects of a weak culture. Since policies can influence the culture of an organization, it is appropriate to have managers take care of the policy formulation and implementation. As this analysis indicates, it is true that a strong organization culture is essential for superior organizational performance. The stronger an organizations culture is, the higher the work motivation, loyalty and work ethic, and work commitment. 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New York, NY Quatro, S 2002, Organizational spiritual normativity as an influence on organizational culture and performance in Fortune 500 firms. Samson, D, Daft, R 2015, Fundamentals of management: Asia Pacific Edition, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, Vic Schermerhorn, J R, Osborn, R, Hunt, J 2008, Organizational behavior, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Ulrich, D, Ulrich, W 2010, The why of work: how great leaders build abundant organizations that win, McGraw-Hill, New York Witte, K D, Muijen, J 2000, Organizational culture, Psychology Press, Hove UK Worley, S 2000, Organizational culture and meanings in tension: an analysis of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. Ybema, S, Yanow, D., Sabelis, I 2011, Organizational culture, Edward Elgar Pub, Cheltenham, UK